A Review of Advances in Graphene Quantum Dots: From Preparation and Modification Methods to Application

This article focuses on the development and challenges of graphene quantum dots (GQDs), which exhibit unique properties like strong photoluminescence and low toxicity, making them valuable in sensors, bioimaging, and cancer therapy. Two main preparation methods are reviewed: top-down (e.g., hydrothermal synthesis) and bottom-up (e.g., chemical vapor deposition), each with its own advantages and challenges in scalability and purity. Modification techniques enhance GQDs' properties, expanding their applications. However, challenges in large-scale production and consistency remain, and eco-friendly methods are under exploration to improve efficiency and reduce costs.