Experimental and theoretical insights into the adsorption mechanism of methylene blue on the (002) WO3 surface

            This paper investigates the efficiency of tungsten trioxide (WO3 ) nanoflakes, synthesized using an eco-friendly method with Hyphaene thebaica fruit extract, for removing methylene blue (MB) dye from water. The study combined experimental and theoretical approaches to detail the adsorption process. The WO3 nanoflakes demonstrated a high adsorption capacity of 78.14 mg/g for MB. Adsorption was best described by a pseudo-second-order kinetic model, suggesting a chemisorption mechanism involving electron exchange. The Langmuir and Freundlich models were applied, revealing a complex adsorption process with monolayer and multilayer characteristics.The study provides insights into using environmentally friendly methods for synthesizing adsorbent materials for water purification.